Seed Phrase (Recovery Phrase)
A series of 12 to 24 words, generated following the BIP-39 standard, that serves as the master backup for a cryptocurrency wallet. The seed phrase deterministically derives all private keys and addresses in a wallet, meaning anyone with the phrase can fully restore the wallet on any compatible device. Losing the seed phrase means permanently losing access to the funds.
“Write down your seed phrase on paper or stamp it into metal, then store it securely offline in multiple locations. Never store it digitally, take a photo, or enter it on a website.”
Private Key
A secret cryptographic code, typically a 256-bit number, that proves ownership of cryptocurrency and authorizes transactions. The private key is mathematically linked to a public key through elliptic curve cryptography — it can generate the public key, but the public key cannot reverse-derive the private key. Anyone with access to a private key has complete, irrevocable control over the associated funds.
Wallet
A software application or hardware device that stores the cryptographic private keys needed to access and manage cryptocurrency holdings. Despite the name, wallets don't actually store crypto — the assets exist on the blockchain. The wallet stores the keys that prove ownership and authorize transactions. Wallets can be hot (internet-connected) or cold (offline).
Cold Storage
A method of storing cryptocurrency private keys completely offline and disconnected from the internet. Cold storage provides the highest level of security against remote hacking, phishing, and malware attacks. Methods include hardware wallets, paper wallets, and metal seed phrase backups.